I installed freshly ubuntu 16.04.2 on a virtual machine and tested it. "apt-get build-dep" works. Are the things listed there all I need?

$ sudo apt-get build-dep puredata
Reading package lists... Done
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  libjack-jackd2-0
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  autoconf automake autopoint autotools-dev debhelper dh-autoreconf
  dh-strip-nondeterminism help2man libasound2-dev
  libfile-stripnondeterminism-perl libjack-dev libjack0 libportaudiocpp0
  libsigsegv2 libtool m4 po-debconf portaudio19-dev uuid-dev
0 upgraded, 19 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,292 kB of archives.
After this operation, 10.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

PS: 

is there a "puredata" package for your (deb-based) distribution?

Sure.

Thanks,
Jonghyun